Mars’ surface gravity is 3.711 m/s² and Earth’s surface gravity is 9.807 m/s². That’s it! We cannot live on Mars because its surface gravity is half of what we evolved in for millions of years. But we spend billions of dollars for this target. Great! But what if it failed because of a simple fact that we ignored?

This article is not about nagging why others would fail, but instead here we want to come up with a simple solution that works best for the big problem we have. Earth is going to be destroyed soon if we continue living this way. This is the problem we all face if we open our eyes. Is this why we should go to other planets? In my mind, no! We need to go to other planets because our population grows exponentially, and we need new resources to make it sustainable.

Also, we need to choose between being a Type I civilization, in Kardashev scale, or extinct, there’s no other room. I may explain it more later, but it’s not hard to grasp it.

Nice! So let’s do it! Solution that we want to find needs to satisfy the following.

• Keep Earth itself as intact as possible
• Extendable
• Be scalable
• Achievable

In the following I would explain a solution to our big problem, which I think can keep the Earth intact, extendable to other planets, scalable to satisfy exponential growth of our population, and achievable.

Solution

The solution starts by answering what is the most common state of the surface of planets in general. You may know that they are mostly covered with gas. Earth is a very rare exception with a solid surface.

Also thinking about the starting fact in this article you can open the Wikipedia list of Surface gravitates in the solar system. Saturn has closest surface gravity among all of them to the Earth. Also, Saturn is a gas giant, which means it doesn't have a defined surface.

Keep Earth itself as intact as possible

These two facts reach us to the point that we need to learn how to live in flying cities. But how can we make one? I’ll answer later but if we could we can start living above the oceans on Earth. We can evacuate the continents and let them be intact which is the first goal of this solution. Check!

Extendable

We already thought about the second goal of this solution which is being extendable to other planets, even beyond the solar system. Check! Easy-peasy!

We need to build a balloon like a big ship! A balloon as big as a city or maybe bigger! Such a balloon needs a skeleton!

Scalable

We need to have a structure that scales exponentially as our population grows exponentially on any planet that we live on. If you give these conditions to a mathematician, he/she would tell you that you’re looking for a fractal city! A fractal is a geometric shape that repeats itself when it scales. So it would be scalable by definition. Check!

Achievable

To be achievable it needs to be

• Needs a way to construct
• Needs to be stable

So now we need to find a way to construct it!

As big as we need a balloon to be a city, much taller than skyscrapers, it cannot be constructed with tower cranes. But it’s scalable, so it can use itself to push its parts up. The solution that I come up with is a Sierpinski square-based pyramid. It’s a fractal. It has slops for each small part that can push up its tip part to the top of the pyramid. It has a square base which makes us not deal with wrong angles(Not right angles!) more than we complied.

Construction

So the construction would be like we have 5 equal Sierpinski square-based pyramids, where we call them parts. We arrange them like a flower, where the tip would be in the center of the other 4 parts. Then by pulling those 4 parts together, the tip would climb up by using the slope of the Sierpinski triangles. Check!

Stable

If it’s big enough no natural wave exists to match its resonant frequency and excite it. Our plan is to have one that is bigger than a city, so Check!

But as its inside parts can move we need a more advanced solution to make it stable. I’ll come back to this below.

Proof of concept

We need some simple models of these cities to have an idea what we’re talking about.

Density

So to make it a balloon we need to vacuum some empty spaces in the middle of Sierpinski square-based pyramid. If the height of one of those 5 parts be h, and the sides of the base square be a, then the volume of each of them would be v0=h*a^2/3(I’ll not provide an image for formulas because in this way it’s encrypted for geeky eyes, who are the target here:D ) and the volume of constructed pyramid would be v1=2*h(2*a)^2/3=8*ha^2/3=8*v0. So the middle empty space would be 8*v0-5*v0=3v0 and if we just vacuum this empty space the density of the pyramid would decrease by a factor of 5/8 every time we scale it up. Aluminum almost has a density of 2800 kg/m³ and air density is 1.225 kg/m³ so their ratio is 2285.71 then if we scale this pyramid almost for 16 times a pyramid of Aluminum would simply float on air. We assumed the skeleton of the pyramid doesn’t have weight, also we counted the density of air on Earth’s surface for all altitude, which is much higher than the tip of the pyramid. These two assumptions plus Aluminum assumption suggest that we cannot make it!

The atmosphere thickness is almost 480km. If the height of the final pyramid be 90km and it scaled up 16 times, then its Aluminum building block would almost have a height of 1m. It’s too small for such a tall building by the way! Not what I like! :(

e^(ln(2)*ln(2800/1.225)/ln(8/5)) ~ 90000

The solution is to float the pyramid in the water, then we master the technology of living in it. So whenever we want to build one on Saturn, we would be prepared. However, we may need to scale it like 16 times in Saturn as described above! Let’s do the math for this simple model on Earth.

This time again with Aluminum building blocks, but we need to achieve ocean water density, which almost is 1036 kg/m³. The ratio is 2.7027, so it needs to scale up almost 3 times! It’s promising! For Stainless Steel with a density of 8000 kg/m³, we need to scale it just 5 times. Great! So if we scale it up more than 5 times, we don’t need to think so much about the densities! Basically it means, the city will float on oceans. Let’s think about the scales.

Scales

Originally we thought about a tall city that we cannot build with tower cranes, so I’m thinking about something like 9 km tall city which is comparable to Mountain Everest. But in the end as the city would float on water, it would not be as tall as Everest. If each building block were a house of an average family like 250 m² area, then the sides would be almost 16 m. Let’s assume its height is the same as its sides, then we need to scale it up almost 9 times, which would have 1953125 houses, which would be enough for almost 5 million people. To move all the human population we need almost 1400 cities on the ocean! I would say it’s achievable!

More Details

Great! But a city needs more than houses! Transportation, Water Network, sewage, parks, stadiums, public place owners, governments, etc. are needed to be implemented. Let’s think about them one by one!

Transportation

The idea for transportation is what we can call loops, like Hyperloop which is working on for city to city transportation. They’re elevator/car systems that someone can sit from inside a house and commute to another place. No street! No sidewalk! No highway! Just some channels with probably, Hilbert curve, or Moore curve patterns, which are scalable fractals, on the basements of each house. People in a car like vehicles can transport inside those channels. Also, there can be small size channels, like the size of a pizza box, to transport small things faster, which would be good for delivery stuff or mails etc.

Water Network/Sewage

No need for these kinds of networks, as all these basics can be commuted by tanks in the transportation loop automatically. Dedicating to solving it like this would help us to use this automated moving tanks solution to tanks full of heavy materials to control the balance of the city. These heavy tanks can be automatically moved around the city to cancel out communication of people and stuff around the city to justify the balance. This solution is what I mentioned in stable section above.

Parks/Stadiums

The city is scaled 9 times, which is more than 5 times, and we can make sure we efficiently use light materials to build stuff, then the city would float easily even if we decide, based on our need, to make the building blocks bigger! For instance, if we decide to make 5 houses together being a building block, then we effectively scale the city 9 — 1 = 8 times, which is still more than 5 times, then we can use the empty space in the middle of those 5 houses to be gyms, small parks, etc. It’s possible as we calculated above that its volume will be 3v0, where v0 here is the volume of a house. We can safely do it a couple of more times to use those empty spaces in the middle for what a city needs to have like theaters, stadiums, etc.

Government

Current government models are based on borders. So in the end they belong to the borders not to the people! I was looking for something based on Scientific Method to be designed to search for the lifestyle for people. In this sense, we need to experiment different ideas for possible lifestyles and have some measurable methods to test them. Also, governments must belong to people. To achieve this I propose the following model.

These are the general laws(Constitution):

• Freedom of speech

• Governments are companies with predefined goals and methods to measure those goals(objectives). Residents are people who signed to practice those methods to achieve those goals. Governments own the public places of part of the colony that their residents are living. The resources that belong to a government linearly depends on the number of residents.

• Resource manager is a software program that more than 80% of people inside the colony agree on using it for dividing resources among the governments.

• Freedom of migration. A colony is all the fractal cities in one planet. People are free to sign for any government, and only one government. People who are not signed for any government would follow Resource manager rules. Just those people who live inside the colony can sign for governments. For instance, people who want to live on the Earth surface, there’s no government support, no vote, etc.

No more laws as you can see! The Resource manager is defining every other rule to settle governments and provide their resources. Governments emerge to satisfy some promises for people, so they define the rules inside the governments based on those goals.

It’s clear that every Change list(Pull Request) to merge the resource manager code needs to be elected by all people. The advantage of having Resource manager code is that it’s not just the laws, it’s the laws with implementation and guarantee to apply. basically, it’s the proof of being applicable for the laws in Curry–Howard correspondence context.

If you look carefully, you would see that except the first law, the rest can be defined in the Resource manager code, including how we decide to merge the Change lists. So in the end we can have just two statements for all laws, one law is Freedom of speech, that would not change in any circumstances, and another law is the definition of Resource manager, where would be self containing the whole definitions, applications and how it would change.

We need 80% because we need to count on the Standard deviation of what people want. This means, if we decide based on 50%, there are a lot of people who do not agree with it, so it doesn't make sense to merge that idea to Resource manager. In the end, if we merge all three last laws to Resource manager one, then this number could be a target to change in a Change list.

So in the end, the laws would be

• Freedom of speech
• A code for Resource manager, with all access exists. There are a lot of accesses that will not be exposed to anything else, code or human.

To clarify the overall process, some bunch of people propose an idea for a lifestyle, and measuring methods for some goals in that lifestyle. They can start a government, then people would sign for that government and based on the number of people, and the minimum threshold of people(defined in the Resource manager code), the government would start working by migrating those people to a place that Resource manager defined and own the public places of that area. If people feel that there is a better government out there, so they sign for that and migrate away from this government and in case the number of residents goes less than that threshold, the government would be finished working, and the rest of people have to sign for another government. This life-cycle of governments must happen to all of them, and if it’s not, then we ran out of better ideas for living, which is dangerous IMHO!

People who signed to be residents of a government have to follow the rules that the government defines among people, which include defining permissions, economical rules, money, courts, etc. To define the rules among governments, they can create or join to some agreements, so they’re free to accept their relationship with other governments and courts, etc.

As I’m a Software Engineer, I can think about having multi independent layers of recovery plan, in case of security risks or having bugs. Also may have a very big plan to update everything based on their stable source code. For instance, compiler code needs to be old enough to make sure it’s stable, then compile it inside the isolated micro-services of Resource manager and use it to compile the rest of the project, then deploy it!

Here I hope I defined it well enough to be applicable!

These are parts of my before sleep thoughts, where me and my wife named them Hadiapolis :D There are more, but let’s see what people’s reaction is.

References

• Gravity of Earth
• Gravity of Mars
• Kardashev scale
• Terrestrial planet
• Surface gravity
• Sierpiński triangle
• Metals and Alloys — Densities
• Hyperloop
• Hilbert curve
• Moore curve
• Scientific Method
• Distributed version control
• Curry–Howard correspondence

Original Post

This article originally posted on Medium.